When a member state decides to reintroduce checks at its internal borders, can it systematically refuse entry to all irregular foreign nationals? No, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) ruled earlier this month. It must comply with the "Return Directive," a law which says that a non-European national can "be granted a certain period of time to voluntarily leave the territory."

"A decision to refuse entry may be decided but, when seeking the removal of the person concerned, the common standards and procedures provided for by the Return Directive must still be respected," the Luxembourg court stated.

It also said that "excluding from the scope of this directive foreign nationals who are staying irregularly in the territory" can only be done "exceptionally."

The ruling on September 21 is at odds with the policy pursued by France, which re-established controls at its internal EU borders in 2015. For the past eight years, all trains passing through the French coastal city of Menton have been checked, and police have monitored border posts and patrolled the Alps.

Activist groups say France has been taking advantage of the temporary border controls in order to turn back migrants who try to enter the territory — even those who come to ask for asylum. In an August report, Doctors Without Borders (MSF) teams in Ventimiglia documented practices of pushbacks at the border between Italy and France. "Systematic" pushbacks target unaccompanied minors, even sometimes separating families, according to the report.

'An illegal policy'

"In a nutshell, this decision means that France is pursuing an illegal policy of closing borders," Flor Tercero, of the Association for Foreigners' Rights (ADDE), told InfoMigrants. ADDE is one of the associations involved in bringing the lawsuit to court.

"Pushing back means, in a way, refusing these people the possibility of coming to France to apply for asylum or to cross France to go elsewhere in the EU. France for eight years has decided to carry out border checks. And as it re-established checks, it considered itself entitled to be able to push back migrants coming from Italy, in particular," he added.

"After eight years of illegal practices by the French government controlling and detaining migrants at internal borders, the CJEU confirms (...) that [these practices] are contrary to the law," a joint press release of twenty organizations added.

For Flor Tercero, this decision is a clear victory. "This means that the government cannot forego European law," he said.

France 'will not welcome migrants' from Lampedusa

The court decision came at a time when attention was focused on the French-Italian border. Following the recent arrival of a very large number of people on the Italian island of Lampedusa, the French interior minister, Gérald Darmanin, announced that 200 additional police officers would be sent to the border between the two countries, in the expectation that the migrants would eventually make their way from Italy to France.

France "will not welcome migrants" from the Italian island, the minister stated.

Meanwhile the departmental director of the border police, Emmanuelle Joubert, announced that more than 3,000 migrants had been arrested in Menton within a fortnight. This brings to 32,000 the number of arrests since the start of the year along the Franco-Italian border. Of those, 24,000 were rejected and handed over to the Italian authorities

Joubert said she had been informed about the judgment by the CJEU. "The State is carrying out an analysis, we will have instructions later," she said, adding that migrants who had recently arrived in Lampedusa should not arrive at the French border for "several weeks."